How Do Banks Increase Their Liquidity?

How Do Banks Increase Their Liquidity? This essay will be looking into liquidity problems within individual banks, exploring why it is absolutely essential for banks to have good liquidity and exploring the sources of liquidity that are available to them, should they need to increase it. Over the past year there have been an assortment of serious issues involving banks, with the nationalisation and part-nationalisation of several retail banks in the UK, including Royal Bank of Scotland, Bradford Bingley, HBOS and Northern Rock and the collapse of various large financial institutions in the US and Europe including Bear Sterns and Lehman Brothers. It will also look into why these banks faced such problems, and examine the role that the Central Bank plays in managing liquidity within the money markets, and how it can help individual banks and the entire banking system if liquidity becomes an issue. Explain why banks have become under-capitalised and insufficiently liquid and that there are ways for banks to sort out their liquidity. Firstly it is necessary to define liquidity, and explain the reason that liquidity is so important for banks. Liquidity is essentially immediately spendable funds or the ability to convert assets into spendable funds, quickly and easily without a significant loss. Banks need liquidity because of demands for spendable funds. These demands mainly come from customers wishing to withdraw money from their accounts and from customers with credit requests, either in the form of new loans or drawings upon existing credit lines. However banks will also have a demand for liquidity for other reasons including paying off liabilities that they have for example loans from other banks, or the central bank, payment of income taxes and the paying of cash dividends to their shareholders. Sources of liquidity that banks have available to them fall into two categories; asset liquidity and borrowed liquidity, with most banks tending to use a mix between them both known as balanced liquidity management. Banks using a balanced liquidity management strategy look at their expected liquidity demands, store some of these demands in liquid assets and the rest left down to prearranged lines of credit from potential suppliers of funds. The stock of liquid assets is held by banks solely as a reserve, which can be turned into cash in crisis conditions, when a bank cannot meet its financial obligation. These assets must be of high quality so that in times of need, they can be sold immediately with minimal losses. These liquid assets, other than cash, include: Commercial paper is issued by large corporations as a form of short term borrowing. The maturity of commercial paper is in most cases between 7 and 45 days, and is sold similarly to the treasury bills, at a discount to its maturity value. Commercial paper is generally unsecured, making it riskier than buying treasury bills. Companies using commercial paper will normally get a credit rating check from a credit rating agency and the better the rating they achieve, the smaller the discount they can issue it at, as it is a more secure investment. A certificate of deposit (CD) is a certificate stating that a deposit has been made with a bank for a fixed period of time, and that at the end of the fixed term, the original deposit will be repaid with interest. The advantage of CDs for the depositor is that they are tradable to third parties, so the depositor can make use of the funds, if needs be, before the maturity date. The advantage to the financial institution issuing the CD is that they can make use of the deposit for the fixed period, but because they offer the depositor flexibility, the bank gets it for a slightly lower price than they would normally have to pay for other time deposits such as repos. The disadvantage of the CD is that the depositor has to deposit a minimum denomination of  £50,000 which means that small companies may not have the money for them. Repurchase agreements (Repos) are a combination of two transactions, and play a critical role in the money markets. It works by firstly a securities dealer, such as a banks, sells securities it owns to an investor and agrees to repurchase them at a specified higher price at a date in the future. This is a great way for dealers to raise funds quickly. For the investor, repos can be a very profitable short term investment. This is because not only will they make money with the dealer buying the securities back at a higher price, but if they believe that the price of the securities will drop, then they can sell them, and then potentially purchase equivalent securities to return to the dealer just before the repo must be unwound. Therefore the investor has potentially made more money on top of the interest earned from the dealer. Treasury Bills are securities with a maturity of one year or less, and are issued by national governments. These are generally considered to be the safest of all investments, and for this reason they account for a larger share of money market trading than any other type of instrument. They are also known as zero coupon bonds, as they do not pay any interest, but instead are bought at a discount rate to their face value, depending on how long it is until the security matures. The main sources of borrowed liquidity available to banks inlcude: The Interbank lending market is a market where banks can lend money to each other. This provides banks with the ability to get funds quickly in times of bad liquidity and also provides an outlet for lending excess funds. The loans are normally short term loans, generally between 1 and 14 days, but can be longer. The interbank lending market has its own interest rate, called the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), which is currently stabilised at just over 0.6%, around 10 basis points above the current base rate. Euromarkets have been some of the fastest growing markets in recent years and are basically any instrument denominated in a currency other than that of the country where it is traded. Financial institutions will look for money at the lowest price, regardless of the currency, and then change it into the home currency. This can be a good way of finding cheap money quickly, especially if the interbank lending market has dried up as it has done recently. Bond Markets are a great way of getting liquidity as there is a huge market for bonds. Bonds offer the investor interest throughout the life of the bond, and repayment of the original principle at the end. Unlike shares, the owner of the bond does not have any degree of managerial control or ownership of the issuer. For this reason it is a great way to get liquidity, because the issuer is not losing any of the company or institution and therefore none of its powers. The interest rates however must be competitive on the day of issue, but need to be just right as if it is too high, then the issuer could end up with excessive costs, but if it is too low, then they may not be able to sell them. Explain what role the bank of England has, and how it operates in the money markets and how banks are affected by the operations of the bank of England (interest rates etc) The Bank of Englands principal function is to conduct money and credit policy to promote sustainable growth in the economy and avoid severe inflation. There are various tools it uses in its role of helping in maintaining stability in the financial system as a whole, finding potential problems and risks and trying to find ways of fixing these problems and reducing the risks. In trying to achieve its main goals, the Bank of England effects the operations of all the banks, and they must be prepared for all outcomes. The tools that the central bank uses are outlined below. The Bank of England is responsible for the Governments accounts, and provides them with regular statements and banking services. It is also the banker of all commercial banks, and all commercial banks are required by law to keep 0.15% of the liabilities in their account with the central bank. The central bank is the Issuer of bank notes in England and Wales, but not the rest of the UK. It controls the countries reserves of gold and foreign currencies for the government, and by buying and selling these the central bank can influence the exchange rate. The central bank is known as the lender of last resort, and will always lend to the banks if there is a shortage of liquidity in the banking system. This has been shown vastly over the last couple of years, and has been fundamental in stopping the banking system from the possibility of total collapse. One example of this was the Northern Rock PLC in 2007, where a rumour that the bank was in serious financial trouble led to people with deposits in the bank lining up outside the banks demanding their deposits. In this instance the Bank of England quickly helped the bank out as lender of last resort. The Bank of England supervises the banking system. There are two main reasons the bank needs to do this which are the fact that customers of the banks and institutions are at a disadvantage because they are not necessarily well informed about the affairs of the intermediary and therefore could be depositing their money into a bank that is on the brink of a collapse. The central bank looks at all of the accounts of the banks to make sure that they are not in a bad position. This leads on to the second reason which is that the consequences of bank failure can be catastrophic to the whole financial system, as we have seen over the past two years, which shows that the central bank should have perhaps been supervising the financial institutions more closely. The Bank of England is involved in advising on the monetary policy. Monetary policy involves controlling the price and quantity of money and credit in the economy, with the use of different policy instruments, which are interest rates and the availability of reserves. Changing interest rates effectively changes the demand for money. The main instrument used today is interest rates. By putting interest rates up, there will be less demand for money, as it costs more to borrow, and on the other hand by lowering interest rates, it will increase the demand for money as it is cheaper. By doing this the Bank of England can basically slow down or speed up the economy and rates of inflation. This has a huge effect on banks, because everything they do relies on interest rates. Look at recent events in the money markets and the responses from firms and government and analyse the impact of these event on both individual firms and financial markets as a whole. Since the financial crisis started with the collapse of the sub-prime mortgages, banks have faced liquidity problems. This is mainly due to the fact that there has been impaired liquidity in a lot of markets, the two main markets being the interbank markets and the securities markets. Banks became unsure of both their own liquidity and the liquidity of other financial institutions, and for that reason they did not want to lend to each other on the interbank markets. This therefore pushed interest rates up in both markets, and with banks becoming increasingly dependent on these markets, it did not look good for liquidity. Many other markets also relied on the banks using these markets, and problems spread into many different markets. This all ended up with banks entailing higher borrowing costs, which then had to be passed in their lending rates and also left the banks with much weaker results. This all lead to some banks defaulting on their payment obligations, as they just did not have the liquidity they needed. Many large institutions around the world had to be bailed out by central banks, with banks in the UK including Northern Rock, Alliance and Leicester, HBOS and Bradford and Bingley amongst several others. The above table outlines the measures that the Central banks around the world took to try to address the situation. The Bank of England used several of these methods to try to resolve the severe liquidity problems that the banks and markets that were facing. As shown in the Essay, it is essential for financial institutions to have good liquidity. It is not important just for the survival of an individual bank, but for the survival of the financial system as a whole. It is clear that in recent events, the banks did not have sufficient liquidity to cover the demands for spendable funds, and in the future they need to have a much higher stock of liquid assets, and not rely so much on borrowed liquidity. It is also clear that big mistakes were made by many financial institutions, and learning from these mistakes is essential in trying to rebuild trust in both the money markets and banks in general. I believe that the Bank of England needs to improve the way it is supervising the banking system, as the collapse of the money markets could potentially have been avoided if certain banks had been supervised more effectively. The financial systems also desperately need to be regulated globally, which was one of the main topics of the G20 summit in 2009. Gordon Brown said We have a global financial system, but until now no global co-ordination or supervision, only national supervisors and a new financial regulatory is due to be released later this year, which will fundamentally change how world banks and markets operate. I believe that this new global financial regulatory system will change the way banks operate for the good, and should stop anything like this happening again. The Things They Carried | Analysis The Things They Carried | Analysis Tim Obriens The Things They Carried is a perfect example of American Contemporary, also known as postmodern, literature, mainly supporting the characteristics of metafiction, and mixture of fiction and facts, all of which are commonly used throughout all forms of postmodern literature. Because this era is current, how it will have on impact on literature still remains to be seen, but what is clear is how the contemporary era has opened a new door to literature allowing people to view the world in a whole different manner also allowing authors to be freer in expressing ideas in their literature. Contemporary literature refers to literature written from 1945 to present. It is often referred to as the era directly after World War II. This era shares many of the characteristics introduced in the modern era, but is unique in the sense that the openness found in this literature is greater. Contemporary literature also has the tendency to contradict modernist thought and brings things into new light. It deals with events and issues within this time frame and for that reason we are able to comprehend a greater deal than before. It allows the reader to feel connected to the novel in a way that wasnt possible before. What both modernism and contemporary literature share is subjectivism. Modernist literature however saw fragmentation and extreme subjectivity as an existential crisis. In contemporary literature this crisis is avoided. It is more common to find self-consciously deconstructed and self-reflexive narrators unlike in modern literature it was all about the anti-heroes and to rtured souls. There is great inner narrative of the self in contemporary. This includes the self at war with itself, to the self as arbiter points back to the phenomenological roots of post-modern thought. As far as linguistic and stylistic characteristics go, contemporary literature has an open form of writing, allowing a writer to be freer with their thoughts and ideas. It is also common to find discontinuous narrative in these works. Intersexuality or borrowing and transformation of certain ideas form other texts is also quiet present in contemporary literature, often borrowing from past modern thought as well. There is an extensive use of classical allusions within the style. What is very interesting about contemporary is its tendency not only to borrow ideas, but the sharing of these ideas and themes that is found in other languages and cultures showing how wide of a spectrum contemporary literature is willing to go. These themes and ideas are often compared and combined. But with all its uniqueness, the thing that makes contemporary stand out from the rest is its unusual usage of metaphors in its literature. This has added richness to this type of literature that many will apprec iate. Contemporary literatures themes also set this era greatly apart from the rest. It has the tendency to shatter existing social customs and faiths, and focus more on depicting vividly the stark and bitter realities. This era of literature is heavily influenced by the severity of the scientific and technological changes of the 20th century. The famous authors and works of thisperiod are vast. Each author has their unique style and way of writing, but each share the same type of freedom found in contemporary literature. No point of view or way of thinking is excluded, but rather embraced and exposed to give insight into completely different worlds that we as people may not be to familiar with, but nevertheless are able to understand on some level. J.D Salinger, famous for the novel The Catcher in The Rye, proves this by giving us a glimpse into the mind of a young adolescent boy Holden who seems to be lost in his own mind. This novel greatly supports the man vs himself theme commonly found throughout contemporary literature. The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien truly expresses exactly what contemporary literature is. Tim OBrien skillfully places all his ideas and own experiences into this collection of stories that make this an excellent piece of contemporary literature. He does everything to make these stories feel as real as possible. Tim OBrien, which also happens to be the main characters name, does this by mixing reality with fiction, a technique commonly found throughout contemporary literature. From his own experiences of the Vietnam War he is able to capture the ugly truths and the harsh, raw, human emotions that real human beings feel. He expresses the dilemma people go through in making rash decisions, and the guilt and pain found in people who went to Vietnam, so accurately it causes one to almost feel these emotions themselves and allows the reader to connect on a level never really possible before the postmodern era. OBrien does an excellent job in making the novel feel as real as possible, which is not quite a necessary characteristic of contemporary literature, but is commonly used and effectively causes a richer literary experience. He said once A thing may happen and be a total lie; another thing may not happen and be truer than the truth. He expresses this view through all the work he does. Although he did experience many of the things he speaks of on some level, he never lets his stories become more than fiction. It is the fiction that represents and reflects our world that makes the real impact on people. Literature is just another form of art. Art serves to represent parts of reality and allow us to see reality in ways we didnt before. The same applies to contemporary literature and the way Tim OBrien tries to capture his audience. His purpose is not to just tell his stories of the war, but to tell these stories in a way that will allow us to reflect and connect on our own lives. He said Its partly a story about what happens to men in a war, but more deeply it touches people to actually look at their own lives and childhoods. The reason that book ends not in the war, but with little Linda dying of brain cancer, is that that chapter is meant to move away from war to the lives of all of us. In doing this the war and its horrors serve as more than just stories of hardships and pain, but as well as a tool that allows these stories to truly serve a purpose. It is still unclear what time of impact our era will make on history, but it is clear however that contemporary literature is greatly rich, unique, and has a tremendous amount of potential to be a impacting literary period that people will continue to study even as time goes by. Postmodernism was the mark of a new age were true free expression was possible and as we moved into the 21st century it has continued to evolve into literature that is free of outside restrictions dropping the boundaries for authors allowing them to right about what they have on their mind or real issues and situations in our past and current world. This is the main reason why contemporary literature focuses so strongly on fiction. Simply because fiction is fiction it leaves a door open to infinite possibilities, and almost unimaginable stories that can move or reflect society and cause one to view the world not from the small aspect that it was shown in earlier eras, but rather from all angles and perspectiv es. Contemporary literature truly allows people to experience the full rich literary experience getting rid of the mind caging structure authors stuck to for so many years.

Television in the UAE & Saudi Arabia: An analysis of women’s representation

Introduction This research analyzes the ways in which women are represented on television in Arabic countries; through social programs in the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. Since graduation in 2007, I have been employed at Dubai Media Incorporated (DMI). This has awarded me seven years of experience as a news reporter and presenter; which has helped me to understand more about common traits in Arabic television as well as its depiction of women. As a result of this background, the connection between the Arabic women of the television and the country’s government will be the primary subject that this report will explore. The rationale (epistemological, substantive, and practical) for undertaking this project stems from personal interest towards the research; as workplace experience at DMI included conducting analysis about current affairs and relations between Arabic-Gulf countries and Arabic women. This background raised a personal and moral obligation: to discover whether Arabic women are represented on TV in a negative way and what can be done to support them. This project surrounds a universal matter of gender in-equality and should be addressed as such. Arabic women (like all women around the world) should be able to work and have a proper education instead of being fated to live the life of a housewife. What makes matters more significant is the strategy the government has put in place to deliver on this mandate – manipulating the public through propaganda on common media platforms. This report will discuss more precisely what can be done if the research concludes that women’s representation is negative on Arabic television (by analyzing the source of the problem). For instance; are religious reasons, customs and traditions, different cultural backgrounds and governmental differences to blame for female representation in the mediaOr are there other factors worth considering? Secondary research into the topic will aid the report. This research will help reach a logical conclusion of the matter and also vicariously un-cover a niche in this area of study – (there was barely any information directly comparing between these two Arabic countries). So although this means the project will be a more difficult subject to research, it will be thoroughly completed in order to shed light upon the topic. For this reason, a mixed methodology application of quantitative and qualitative methods will be used to conduct my research. Moreover, the UAE and Saudi Arabia have been chosen for research because they advocate different rules in TV programming than other Arabic countries even though they all follow the same religion – Islam. Furthermore, women in these two countries have different cultural backgrounds and government. The role of television as a media platform in the Arab world has been highlighted repeatedly. Arabic TV’s image and perception must therefore be the first thing to be addressed in the process of identifying whether the representation of women is a positive or negative one. In light of this, the project addresses the following questions: How does Arabic TV present women in a positive or negative way? What are (and why are there) differences between women’s representation in these two countries, even though they share a common religion? Women’s experiences of social Arabic TV- harmful or helpful?Literature ReviewLiterature dealing directly with the relationship between the Arabic woman and her problems with representation on Arabic TV is virtually non-existent. However, with the continuous development of worldwide media, it is hardly surprising that the Middle East’s opinion of Arabic media has become more sophisticated and modern in many aspects. In light of this, many Arabic television channels have become much more well known and influential than ever before. For example, â€Å"Al-Jazeera TV† in Qatar has noticeably developed a stronger base of viewers around the world from its wide-spread signal – something that hasn’t happened to a global Arabic news station before. As a result, the middle-east now has access to a new brand of â€Å"universalized† news (Waxman, N.D.). Consequently, these channels have become more interesting in many aspects. It could even be argued that Arabic women are presented in an equal light to men on their native TV because of the positive attributes it shows women possessing. For example, channels depict women as intelligent and wise on worldwide TV stations in the Middle East; by implying they have the right to be educated, to be independent and to have their own business. Conversely, there are some local Arabic TV channels that do present women negatively. What makes this more significant is how the television stations do nothing to remedy this negative (and purposeful) representation. References to renowned academic literature will also be included that argues each side of the debate; which for all intents and purposes was substantially difficult to find. Whereas a selection of these studies focus on the positive way Arabic television depicts women, other research is focused only on the differences between Arabic women in the East and the West. On the other hand, other works have sought to discuss merely the negative image Arabic stations impose on their native females. The results and critical opinions within this collected research (as well as primary research) will subsequently form the main body of my essay. An extensive amount of the work collected on the matter emphasizes dominance over Arabic women; particularly Saudi Arabian women. One of the main books to demonstrate this belief is Paul Danahar’s The New Middle East. Published in 2013, the BBC’s Middle East bureau chief (Danahar) revealed that a new era shaped the Middle East during the Arabic Spring of 2011 which lead to clearer insights of media representatives; thereby changing traditional opinions in some Arabic countries such as Egypt, Libya, Syria and Tunisia. As a result of this, the general consensus of Arabic people (specifically women) within the international community also changed; creating a knock-on effect on the role Islam played in the Middle East during the Arabic Spring as well. Perhaps the most interesting point in this book is that the writer mentions that people (men and women) of the Arabic community can finally speak more openly for the first time. This book is a strong reference with regards to describing women’s cases during the Arabic Spring, but it is perhaps too eager to include such divine constructs as fate, destiny and pre-destination. The outcome of the Arabic Spring revolution will be considered first. The work of Goetz (1997) asserts that women have developed remarkably for almost three decades now in numerous Muslim countries, and points out organizations must be recognized as being deeply gendered in their structure towards women’s interests in the media. However, Goetz’s results were based upon data from over 30 years ago, and it is unclear if these differences still persist; as it can be clearly seen that many Muslim-Arabic countries have changed a lot during those thirty years. For example, the amount of women appearing in Saudi Arabian media has seen a significant decrease during the last thirty years. While Goetz’s research may therefore not be as historically relevant as others (her analysis was not based on empirical research, and she does not focus on Saudi Arabia), it is evident that the way television and media is constructed in the Middle East is fundamentally different from other countries (namely those in the West). For example, Saudi women cannot wear what they truly want to wear on the TV screen, or drive a car, and have to face a patriarchal culture every day. This is why Saudi Arabia was specifically chosen for this report. Keddie (2007 p. 149- 150) feels that it is remarkably interesting to see the difference between Middle Eastern women in the past and the present. She focuses on tracing the development of Middle Eastern women’s history since the rise of Islam, and notes that there have been significant improvements in the Middle East’s women’s suffrage movement. Moreover, the appearance of women in public places reflects this discovery, a s well as the fact that females seem to have taken up the pre-dominant role in advertising. However, she argues that women in Saudi Arabia were more open to change in the 1960s and 1970s than they were in the 1980s and 1990s; also that they were more educated, including a higher amount of people studying abroad, had more job opportunities, their own marital choices and better health. But, this all changed because of â€Å"the Islamist takeover of the main Saudi mosque in 1979† (Keddie, 2007, p.150). It seems this reason remains unclear because Saudi Arabia had already been an Islamic country for centuries before; it was the change of the role of the government that lessened women’s rights – an after-effect of the Islamist takeover. Strong & Hareb (2012) indicate how the amount of digitally competent young females in the UAE who use social media programs is rapidly increasing. Additionally, Strong & Hareb (2012, p. 3) point out that â€Å"The UAE is made up of s even emirates, which were separate authorities until the country was formed in 1971. Each emirate is governed by a ruling family; with some services (like education) to be funded and administered by the overall federal government†. Therefore, the UAE has a different television channel for all seven emirates. Moreover, the WAGL (Women as Global Leaders) claim that â€Å"Although Emirati females make up only about 5% of the total population, the spotlight recently has been on them as potential future leaders† (WAGL, 2012). Strong & Hareb (2012, p. 3) suggest this means that the UAE government is showing us through television that it is supporting Emirati females to be leaders. Moreover, the government’s media website said that â€Å"the UAE has become a model for Arab women in all fields† (WAM, 2009). For the UAE, the situation is more hopeful – there is perhaps more openness felt towards women, whereas in Saudi Arabia, there is no freedom. Females ca nnot wear what they really want to wear on a TV screen, and usually have to wear traditional, religious clothing. Mellor, et al (2011) found that some Arabic countries have a new challenge in the media because globalization has brought new opportunities to them. For example, â€Å"the United Arab Emirates (UAE) now profile themselves globally as the perfect hybrid link between east and west† (Mellor, et al, 2011, P. 25). Clearly, it can be seen reflected in women’s current affairs in the UAE. This paper agrees with Mellor, because it can clearly be seen that Emirati women have many more opportunities now; whether it be working as a TV presenter or reporter. This study directly correlates to the main analysis of this report: by showing us that Emirati women are represented in a positive way on UAE television. A similar view to this essay was found in a report by The Dubai School of Government (2011, p1). This report states that â€Å"Arab women in particular have becom e more engaged in political and civic actions; playing a critical leading role in the rapid and historic changes that have swept the region†. This article focuses on women within media and social terms, in a way that implies they are active in their society and that UAE television does help them feel more independent. It seems that UAE TV urges women to be intelligent, to be something more than just a housewife or mother at home, to work or own a business and finally be equal with Emirati men. Lastly, the work of Saker (2004) reveals that the image of Middle Eastern women in a media landscape often presents them as changed, empowered and advanced. This article will be useful for my research. Methodology/ Research Method: As previously mentioned; this project is difficult to research. For this reason a variety of data by using mixed methodology – qualitative and quantitative methods. Additionally, both types of data will be collected in the two countries during the summer. This study encompasses two different types of research to explore if Arabic TV helps women or harms them. The first type of research theory is qualitative (questionnaires, interviews, etc.). For example, respondents will be shown clips of Arabic TV shows and create a survey that will ask them which Arabic television programs support women and which do not support women, and why (as well as asking demographic information such as nationality, age, gender, and education level). The second type of research theory is a quantitative content analysis – case studies, statistics or percentages to compare with two social Arabic programs from two Arabic countries that have women presenters from the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. The programs are Kalam Nawaiem from MBC channel – Saudi Arabia, and Zahrat Al-Khaleej from Abu Dhabi channel – United Arab Emirates. These methods lead to answering the overall research questions: How does Arabic TV show women in a positive way or negative waySecondly, what are the differences between women’s representation in the two countries (the UAE and Saudi Arabia)Thirdly, what are women’s experiences of Arabic TV – harmful or helpful? Conclusion The United Arab Emirates & Saudi Arabia have been chosen because on the surface it appears that one country supports women (UAE) and the second country does not support women (Saudi Arabia) on TV stations. This will make for a very conclusive and judicial paper – one that will be written with passion. Firstly, the paper’s aim and rationale for the research will be discussed. Secondly, the relative strengths and weaknesses of the literature written on this topic will be analyzed, as well as the research methods and studies chosen. It is interesting to see the differences between Islamic Arabic cultures and Western cultures; and then to compare women’s representation on TV programs. Moreover, it cannot be denied that we should support and respect women around the world, and is clear that it is not fair or equal to abandon Arabic women in this belief. The most intriguing point is that it is not all Arabic countries that do not support women; even though the Islamic religion connects them all. This research then, will help us understand in more detail the reasons of these differences – whether religious or government or cultural. However, there will be some problems that most likely will be encountered (especially in Saudi Arabia) due to ethical issues. The research collected may or may not be allowed to be considered outside of the country. To resolve this, alternative ways will be considered so that the project can be investigated freely. It is clear that this research needs to go ahead because it asks an important question – Are there positive ways Arabic women on TV are presented or negative waysSecondly, there has been little research done before on this topic. There was not much information that has compared two countries, justified research and then remained objective at the conclusion. Thirdly, the research seeks to understand in more depth how these differences have occurred in two Arabic countries even though there is a religion that binds them together; bringing cultural and historical significance to the paper. Lastly, this is a topic that affects everyone universally, and is something that everyone can understand. It does not matter whether the reader is a woman or a man, for it will bring attention and focus to the problem regardless. Thus, this topic can be investigated after the description of its main characteristics. Bibliography: Danahar, P. (2013) The New Middle East: The World after the Arab Spring. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Dubai School of Government, UAE (2011) The role of social media in Arab women’s empowerment. Arab social media report, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1. Goetz, A. M. (1997) Getting institutions right for women in development. London: Zed Books Ltd. Keddie, N. R. (2007) Women in the Middle East: Past and Present. Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. Mellor, N. et al. (2011) Arab Media: Globalization and Emerging Media Industries. The United Kingdom: Polity Press. Saker, N. (2004) Women and media in the Middle East: Power through self-expression. America: Published by I.B Tauris & Co Ltd. Strong, C & Hareb, H. (2012) Social Media Fashion among Digitally Fluent Young Arabic Women in the UAE. Social Media Fashion. Vol. 8, Issue 1. Dubai, Zayed University. WAGL. (2012) About WAGL. Women as Global Leaders Conference. Available at: http://www.zu.ac.ae/main/en/wagl2012/about.aspx. Last accessed 5 February 2014. WAM. (2009). Foreign Media Delegation Visits. WAM Online. 24th, November, 2009. Available at: http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Foreign_media_delegation_visits_GWU/38528. Last accessed 5 February 2014. Waxman, S. (n.d) Arab TV’s strong signal the Al-Jazeera network offers news the Mideast never had before, and views that are all too common. Al Jazeera Online. http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/washpost.htm. Last accessed 11 February 2014.

The Great Gatsby The Corruption Of The American Dream

The Great Gatsby: The Corruption of the American Dream The Great Gatsby may appear as a novel containing dramatic, twisted relationships; however, the main theme has to do with the culture of the 1920s, and how it leads to the downfall of the American Dream. The 1920s were an age of change: politically and socially. The nation’s wealth nearly doubled, leading many Americans into a prosperous society, while others experienced extreme poverty (The Roaring). People began performing, women wore flapper dresses and smoked; it was very much a popular time to be bold. One major event that contributed to the culture change in the 1920s was the ban on alcohol. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution banned the manufacture and sale of liquors, which closed every bar and tavern around. Even though it was illegal to sell alcohol, people still found a way to purchase it through speakeasies. Young people had the time of their lives during the early 1920s by attending parties every weekend co ntaining excessive alcohol. Many of the older generations, however, were unsure of this new culture because it was so different from the norm. Drinking was a symbol of all they disliked about the contemporary city, and eliminating alcohol would, they believed, turn back to an earlier time. The idea of the American Dream arose due to the Declaration of Independence stating that, â€Å"All men are created equal and that they are endowed with certain unalienable rights, among which are life, liberty andShow MoreRelatedThe Corruption of the American Dream in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby1345 Words   |  6 PagesFitzgerald portrays the American Dream, originally a set of goals that included freedom, settlement, and an honest life with the possibility of upward social and economic mobility earned through hard work, as corrupted and debased by the egotistic materialism of the 1920s, an era which Fitzgerald characterizes chiefly by its greed and lavish hedonism, in his celebrated novel The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, seeks to discredit the supposed purity of the American Dream and belief that anyoneRead MoreEssay on The Corruption of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby1302 Words   |  6 Pages On April 10, 1925 F. Scott Fit zgerald published The Great Gatsby, a novel that would later become one of the best known pieces of classic literature in history. However, at the time of its publication, Gatsby was fairly unpopular ad the reviews were never consistent. As shocking as it may seem, I believe it is because Fitzgerald’s intelligence and creativity levels were way ahead of his time, which is evident when one pays close attention to the themes of the novel. ForgivenessRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Displaying the Corruption of the American Dream742 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby: The Corruption of the American Dream In the 1920’s many people left their countries to come to America seeking for the American dream. The American Dream meant being successful and happy. Many people started to learn that they couldn’t find that happiness without the money. In Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, the characters based their lives off of wealth and materialism, forgetting what the real idea of the American dream was. Throughout the story, Daisy, Gatsby and MyrtleRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Corruption of the American Dream Essay1913 Words   |  8 PagesThe Great Gatsby is a novel about the corruption of the American Dream. How far would you agree with this statement? The American Dream is fundamentally the idea that anyone in America can accomplish through hard work and can achieve success and happiness. It has been expanded on through the years and now incorporates ideas of attaining freedom, wealth and power. In the 1920s when The Great Gatsby was written the Jazz Age was taking hold and the American Dream became more about material possessionsRead MoreEssay on The Great Gatsby: The Corruption of the American Dream1010 Words   |  5 Pageswhich he popularized the concept of The American Dream. In this book he stated â€Å"The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and once that phrase was written, The American Dream became what we truly know it as nowadays. It is the right of freedom, prosperity, equality and pursuit of happiness through hard work. However, The American Dream is an ironic concept seei ng as it neverRead MoreBroken Dreams and Fallen Themes: the Corruption of the American Dream in the Great Gatsby1477 Words   |  6 PagesBroken Dreams and Fallen Themes In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald employs the use of characters, themes, and symbolism to convey the idea of the American Dream and its corruption through the aspects of wealth, family, and status. In regards to wealth and success, Fitzgerald makes clear the growing corruption of the American Dream by using Gatsby himself as a symbol for the corrupted dream throughout the text. In addition, when portraying the family the characters in Great Gatsby are used to exposeRead More Corruption of the American Dream in the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1438 Words   |  6 Pages Broken Dreams and Fallen Themes In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald employs the use of characters, themes, and symbolism to convey the idea of the American Dream and its corruption through the aspects of wealth, family, and status. In regards to wealth and success, Fitzgerald makes clear the growing corruption of the American Dream by using Gatsby himself as a symbol for the corrupted dream throughout the text. In addition, when portraying the family the characters in Great Gatsby are used to exposeRead MoreCorruption of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald855 Words   |  4 Pages In the novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald gives the reader a glimpse into the life of the high class during the 1920’s through the eyes of a man named Nick Carraway. Through the narrators dealings with high society, Fitzgerald demonstrates how modern values have transformed the American dreams ideas into a scheme for materialistic power and he reveals how the world of high society lacks any sense of morals or consequence. In order to support his message, Fitzgerald presents the originalRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Corruption of the American Dream1488 Words   |  6 PagesJay Gatsby is a man with a dream and will stop at nothing to attain it.   When he loses the love of his life to a wealthy, sophisticated and bigoted socialite, his mind is set.   Born a poor farm boy, he centers his life around achieving extraordinarily vast amounts of wealth and great social status.   The poor man never gets the girl; in fact, he never gets anything in Gatsbys eyes.   Gatsby is determined not only to be rich, but become the richest man who ever lived.   When he does become the richestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1707 Words   |  7 Pagesthe main principle and guideline of life. Labeled as the American Dream, Americans are pressed to work hard and honest under the idea that they will have an equal opportunity to obtain riches and glory . But is the pursuit of wealth really as pure and honest as it may seem? Holding this same idea and question, in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, a young man by the name of Nick Carraway begins his pursuit towards the American Dream. The novel begins with Nick arriving at his new yet shabby

Rhetorical Analysis Of I Am By Assata Shakur - 960 Words

Jonathan Vasquez English 1020 Campbell 6 October 2017 Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"To My People† by Assata Shakur During the 70s, the fight for equal rights and Black power was a ravaging fight. Famous protesters such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Assata Shakur. In particular, Assata Shakur was a leader of the Black Power Movement (BPM). Through her struggles, Shakur educates her audience, this is written on a blog but spoken out loud at the time, on how there is racial bias and injustice. By applying a wide range of rhetorical devices, Shakur uses her position as a Black Liberation Army leader to motivate African Americans to fight for the Black Power Movement. As Shakur begins her speech, she introduces pathos into her writing.†¦show more content†¦The rulers of this country have always considered their property more important than our lives. They call us murderers, but we were not responsible for the twenty-eight brother inmates and nine hostages murdered at attica† (17). Providing examples of tyranny and accusations personify the evil that the legal system has agai nst African Americans and further digs the idea that every officer is out there hunting them down. Repeating the phrase â€Å"They call us murderers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Shakur demonstrates that the police are blaming the murders as â€Å"a community fight† or placing the blame on an African American because it is convenient (15-19). The repetition in the beginning of each sentence proves that African Americans were blamed for murders that they did not commit. To further push her purpose of joining the BPM and protect the African American population, Shakur persuades her audience to observe the injustices and accusations happening. Close to finishing her speech, Shakur profoundly speaks by translating ethos and allusions to benefit the BPM. Credibility travels deeper into the mind when a speaker addresses an audience and Shakur recalls that, â€Å"they call us kidnappers, yet Brother Clark Squires (who is accused, along with me, of murdering a new jersey state trooper) was kidnapp ed on April z, 1969†¦Brother Squires was innocent. Yet he was kidnapped from his community and family. Over two years of his life was stolen, butShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Assata Shakur 1316 Words   |  6 PagesMami Chantal English 1020 Campbell 10/6/17 Rhetorical Analysis of Assata Shakur Assata shakur was a member of the Black Panthers movement and was the most wanted person by the FBI. She was charged with first degree murder, assault, and battery of a police officer because of her activism, which brought resentment against her. This compelled her to move to Cuba, where she still lives today. She’s also Tupac Shakur step aunt. In â€Å"To My People â€Å", she expresses her discontent about the white man

Ethical Issues of Genetic Research Essay - 1268 Words

Scientific and technological advances are the products of mans inherent desire to improve the society in which he lives. Such progress often accompanies an expansion of intellectual boundaries. As one acquires knowledge, one also encounters new opportunities to be explored. This is true in the area of human genome research. The implications of The Human Genome Project and other attempts to further understand the human genetic code clearly demonstrate the basic principles of social benefit versus social cost. The desired effect is obviously one in which the benefits significantly outweigh the costs. The actual impact of such technology, however, remains only an estimate until this scientific advancement becomes a reality. It is out†¦show more content†¦Once the replacement gene is integrated in cells inside the patient, the cells and the insertion agent are irretrievable. The inserted gene will be an addition, not a substitute, for the defective gene. Problems may, therefore, arise if the supplementary genetic material alters the cells regulatory pathways(232) and produces undesirable consequences. For if the therapy performed is on germ-line cells, adverse effects may influence multiple generations of people. But many view these risks as subordinate to the potential of gene therapy to help reduce and eliminate the social burden of genetic disorders. The ability of gene therapy to affect such disorders,however, is restricted to those caused by recessive X-linked or autosomal mutations. The realm of efficacy for treatment includes individuals afflicted with common disorders such as haemophilia, color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, phenylketonuria (PKU), cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease(226-7). The treatment of such disorders must be monitored so that the replacement gene, once inserted, will be expressed at the appropriate time and place, and in the correct quantity(229). Improvements on regulatory techniques are then necessary to enhance the effectiveness of gene therapy. Furthermore, the effectiveness of such techniques is exceeded by the vast majority of the population afflicted with genetic disorders caused byShow MoreRelatedEthics And The Field Of Hea lthcare1542 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Issues Related to Genetics in Nursing Genetic research is imperative to the field of healthcare. Genetic research enables healthcare providers to have a better understanding of many genetic diseases and the components of those diseases. This research aids in early detection, prevention, treatments, and sometimes cures. Without the use of genetic research, healthcare would be at a standstill. Genetic and genome healthcare is a powerful tool. As with anything powerful, it often puts theRead MoreThe Issues Of Gene Technology867 Words   |  4 PagesIssues of gene technology include inappropriate applications, religious issues, and what gives us the right to use such technology. The problems on society include disagreements among different groups of people based on views and opinions. There can economic problems when dealing with genetically modified foods. Legislation mainly focuses on HIPAA and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA). They protect information and prohibit genetic discrimination in h ealth insurance and employmentRead MoreThe Field Of Reproductive Technology1484 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s culture has a growing fascination with biotechnology and genetic engineering. This is especially true within the field of reproductive technology. Advancements in this field has expanded family options significantly with the advent of reproductive technologies such as in vetro fertilization, embryo transplant, and varying genetic testing and screening (Finsterbusch, 2008). However, what drives humanity to want to modify humankind? Should there be limits placed on these modifications? AndRead MoreEssay On Informed Consent798 Words   |  4 PagesEthical issue: Informed Consent What did you learn? I learned that informed consent is essential when conducting a genomic research and publish individuals and their families’ private genetic information. The individuals and their families have right to know how their genome can be used for science. In Henrietta Lacks case, the European researchers took down their public data, and the publication of the University of Washington paper was stopped due to they did not get family’s permission (SklootRead MoreRecent Developments In Gene Editing, Concerning The Modification1447 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract This essay addresses the question â€Å"In light of the recent developments with iPS cells, is the genetic modification of human embryos justified?†. New gene editing software CRISPR has created cheaper and more accurate modification, making the editing of an embryo a possibility. There are concerns about this advancement as it is the changing of our DNA, with this having ethical consequences that some judge as unacceptable. Recent experiments have also produced alternative use of this technologyRead MoreThe Legal Ownership Of A Cell1092 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction A. The main concern is whether individuals have legal ownership of the cells that are extracted from their bodies and used for research. Should people who donated their cells be compensated for the findings based off them? To what extent do people have control and benefits from donating their cells to science? Who has the right to have access to other people’s cells and for what purposes will they be justified and legal? B. Henrietta Lacks was the unwitting donor of the cells thatRead MorePros And Cons Of Genetic Engineering1101 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering brings about great and marvelous things, yet it raised many ethical issues. Some encourage research, while others oppose against such a bizarre idea. Their arguments revolve around impacts on the environment, humans, and social values. This paper seeks to give an account of these issues and present a possible moral compromise. Ecological problems may be caused when genetically engineered species are introduced. It may offset the natural balance of a system and may even lead toRead MoreEssay Genetic Testing - Are the Benefits Worth the Risks?1585 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic Testing - Are the Benefits Worth the Risks? In 2001 The Human Genome Project was completed giving us the make up of the entire human genome. Science can now tell what color your eyes are, what gender you are, and what diseases you have just by extracting one strand of DNA. The question I propose to you now is; do you really want to know? Is it a good thing to know that you will get a disease that will eat away your mind, and cripple you till you wither away at the early age of 43 (HuntingtonRead MoreEssay On Biological Tissues835 Words   |  4 Pages(Anderlik, 2003; Rose, 2001). Government agencies such the U.K. Medical Research Council gives funding for biobanks in concerned with tissues and genomes (e.g., brain banks). On the other hand, the cost of maintaining biobanks and its storage brings a huge issue in the monetary funding just like the U.K. government made a joint partnership with Wellcome Trust, the Department of Health, the Scottish Executive, the Medical Research Council, and the Northwest Regional Development Ag ency. As recorded inRead MoreThe Controversy Of Eugenics And Genetic Engineering1632 Words   |  7 Pagesspecies undergoing changes that suit their environment through multiple generations. However, in the last 150 years, humanity has made great strides in the science of genetics. In that time, there have been some subjects that have been highly controversial: eugenics and genetic engineering. The history of these topics is colored with ethical and moral quandaries that have been topics for fierce debates since the early 1900s, and they continue to this day. Eugenics was defined by Francis Galton as â€Å"the

Hhielmsn Free Essays

In this, and subsequent descriptions of the trenches, I may lay myself open to the charge of exaggeration. But it must be remembered that I am describing trench life in the early days of 1914, and I feel sure that those who had experience of them will acquit me of any such charge. To give a recipe for getting a rough idea, in case you want to, I recommend the following procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Hhielmsn or any similar topic only for you Order Now Select a flat ten-acre ploughed field, so sited that all the surface water of the surrounding country drains into it. Now cut a zig-zag slot about four feet deep and three feet wide diagonally across, dam off as much water as you can so as o leave about one hundred yards of squelchy mud; delve out a hole at one side of the slot, then endeavour to live there for a month on bully beef and damp biscuits, whilst a friend has instructions to fire at you with his Winchester every time you put your head above the surface. Well, here I was anyway, and the next thing was to make the bets of it. As I have before said, these were the days of the earliest trenches in this war; days when we had none of those â€Å"props† such as corrugated iron, floorboards, and sand bags. When you made a dug-out in those days you made it out of anything you could find, and generally had to make it yourself. Some British soldiers found that captured German trenches were better built than British ones – as H S Clapham wrote after a successful attack How to cite Hhielmsn, Papers

Cloud Computing and Enterprise Resource - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing and Enterprise Resource. Answer: Introduction: The following report is represented in the form of a risk assessment performed on the IT department of Aztech with respect to the project proposal given by strategist to deploy the BYOD within Aztechs workplace environment. The report is generated post-consideration of a collection of project portfolios in the hands of senior executives. Risk assessment has been conducted keeping in mind the nature of industry the company operates in and its workforce strength. The assessment also covers the legal frameworks, financial dimensions and security concerns over the use of Bring Your Own Device while identifying the potential risks that can hamper the companys survival in the long run. To summarise the above points, the evaluation has identified the risk of data security as the most vulnerable one in the entire risk domain for companies operating within financial service sector. The modern organisations that operate in the 21st century have seen a lot of advancements in the field of Information and Communication technology. The ICT has been used extensively in various areas to make the business processes easier to conduct. Almost all the private and government sectors have adopted a series of IT applications and system software to facilitate their day-to-day departmental operations and improve the efficiency of whatever they carry out. The adoption has also been international and this thing get complicated with a lots of integrated functionalities associated with a single IT infrastructure. In the private organisations that offer financial services, accuracy and precision with numerical figures become highly significant because the same yields productivity for clients. For getting calculative and keeping electronic records of everything, the organisational departments use the Enterprise Resource Planning or the ERP methods, cloud computation, tools utilitie s for data analytics, secured or encrypted gateways for money transactions, digitized communication, integration of different software for coordinated operations and many more things. A well-recognised use of IT applications can be observed in place where the investment options are dematerialized. It has provided a successful dimension for the relevant industry. All Australian organisations that offer financial services have emerged as strong portion of the countrys economy for years. This is evident from the way organisations could face the global financial crisis between the year 2008 and 2011. These organisations have already developed high degree of readiness for meeting the present regulations and technological barriers of the present century. Additionally the environmental challenges are also offered through stringent standards and regulatory bodies. It becomes an obligation to demonstrate higher degree of compliance with the government as well as the society when the demograp hic and cultural dimensions witness quick changes. Technological trends make way for modified rules and regulations on the use of social media, platforms utilized in cell phones, data security, system changes at the core-level etc. Thus, the risk assessment of financial service providers in Australia becomes tough to conduct because multiple changes at once (Saini, et al 2011). It was highly recommended by Drucker, the notable man behind management principles that business organisations of any size should analyse the market and anticipate the potential changes that could either lift or decline their current rate of commercial success. He emphasised on capitalizing on the opportunities so that any type of business project can be effectively executed. This report is designed to carry out an analysis of the risks and opportunities associated with the previously mentioned IT project in Aztek Corporation which operates in the financial service sector of Australia. Background to the Case Study Aztech Corporation holds the position as one of the leading organisations in Australian Financial market. After its incorporation in the year 1960, it established its corporate office in the district of Sydney and the office soon became operational. The business firm deals in an extended range of financial services which includes primarily general and life insurances. It also offers investment products to retailers and other members of corporations who are active in equity and debt business. Apart from that, it also has a wide range of mortgage and loan services for specific consumers who comprise a dominant part of its Aztechs product segment. Presently, the company owns 20 regional offices where over a thousand employees have been working. As of the year 2014, the company has a fair reputation in financial sector of Australia and is on the progress of achieving high CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility in its operational regions. The reaction of the company to capricious changes in the IT infrastructure and trends has been proactive since it develops and upgrades its applications to meet the extended requirements from time to time. Aztech became the first of its kind to introduce the online payment services in the year 1999 by featuring secured and gateways that are end-to-end encrypted. Introduction of payment gateways was a convenient factor for the investors who could execute their business affairs from any location without facing geographical barriers. When the company introduced the SAP Enterprise Resource Planning systems in the year 2005, things took a slanted direction and the firm started observing increased efficiency of interdepartmental functions. Aztechs segment of business and its administrative offices were linked together based on a real time environment. Its operations became more transparent thus creating higher appeals to clients hailing from corporate and retail sectors. Aztechs official website is secured and requires both its clients and its employees to register themselves with the site. While the clients and employees are remotely located at their respective places, their system IPs are tracked by the ERP system incorporated within the organisations main server. The login information of employees is recorded for attendance purposes once they access their registered accounts. The application software installed in each of the employees and clients systems is designed to filter the users by means of a distinctive passcode. For instance, the interface present inside a clients system or an employees system would not allow the data regarding loan products to be accessed by someone who is associated with the department of insurance. By accessing the companys primary website, a registered user can have access to relevant information pertaining to investments and loan products. He/she can also do purchasing on the same platform without needing the employees to get involved. The process is quite automated but the same is made possible because of a series of interconnected software, database and payment gateways that make registration and online transactions possible. The rules and regulations laid down by the Australian government comes into play in the trade cycle around each kind of investment and the trade business policies are defined separately for each of the investment option. The differences in rules are as per the legislation drafted by the Australian Commission of Securities and Investments. The transactions of various clients in Aztech are carried out the companys concerned IT department by means of virtual management. The registered bank account of each client is linked to his/her respective dematerialization account. This provides the clients with suitable interface for making investments in various financial instruments from their personal locations. Even with such smoothness of virtual operations, the overall IT infrastructure of the company is kept simple for attracting large number of retail and corporate investors. Indeed, it is a well-known fact that technical complexities even on a computer screen can turn down prospects because of individuals apprehension of financial losses. On the other hand, application software that provides a friendly interface and easily understandable functionalities is likely to appeal to any client. Aztech has its own dedicated department for resolving the customer grievances and responding to their business-related queries. The Customer Service Executives provide real-time support by means of telephonic conversation and the voice interactions are stored securely as digital data in the companys database. The organisations website meant for online trading is kept updated on hourly basis for delivering real-time information related to exchanges and buying selling values of different commodities tha t are traded. To remain competitive in todays global arena, it is highly expected of an organisation to have a competitive IT infrastructure and professionals (Campbell, et al 2010). The BYOD project proposed by strategist refers to the concept of Bring Your Own Device. It implies that the employees of an organisation can bring their own personal devices to the workplace for accomplishing their assigned jobs. These devices may include the personal laptops, cell phones, PDAs, tablets or any other device that supports an interface for office works. In case of Aztech, the works correspond to trading, business analytics, database management and handling of transactions. Several companies around the globe have already adopted such an idea in their workplaces. The thing to notice is that the personal devices act as the sole devices that their respective owners rely upon. However, this does not lower the essence of virtually located applications because devices only act as individual hardware. There is always an underlying need of integrating these personal devices with the ERP applications that support the business activities. Precisely, employees are only advantaged i n accessing the virtual intranet or extranet of a corporation through their personal devices (Leavitt, 2013). The concept of BYOD has three critical dimensions that need compliance for such kind of projects to be adopted at a conventional workplace. The first critical dimension underlines the need of common or generic application software that is capable of running smoothly in diverse range of personal devices that different employees might bring. Compatibility and functioning becomes an issue when either the operating systems are differently designed or the hardware incorporated in a particular device does not fulfil the requirements for an application to function. The issue of a common interface also becomes an issue in case the implemented technologies have generational gap. With employee strength of over 1000, a company can never expect the employees to have a single kind of device with everyone. The second critical dimension highlights the companys obligation for drafting a customized policy that addresses the range of usage associated with personal devices within the workplace setting to cover up for the degree of accessibility vested in each executive. This is to assure that the sensitive data within the office database is not compromised at any cost. The policies are to be stringent when the count of employees is large and there is high possibility for anonymous access. The third dimension has its criticality defined along the mutual agreement arrived at by the owners and managers on one side and the employees on the other, regarding acknowledgment in terms of legal aspects of using personal devices in the companys workplace setting. The third one depends on the policies frames as per the business owners want. BYOD do have certain advantages that are convincing when it comes to rapid adoption of new technologies, reduced cost of IT infrastructure post-implementation of it and increased level of operational flexibility. However, it also increases the number of subtle risks that an organisation often will not detect while performing its business operations. Bringing personal devices to the workplace has 3 different kinds of implications that are quite sensitive with regards to the business process being carried out. In the relevant case of Aztech Corporation, it indicates the financial services offered by the company to retail and corporate investors. Legal Implications The Australian Act of Freedom to Information which was introduced in the year 1982. Initially the legislation of FOI appeared simple but over 30 years after its introduction, the Act became overhauled. It has so far encouraged the culture of information disclosure across government sector and the same is nearly applicable to the private sectors also (Stewart, 2015). This legislation primarily scrutinizes the effectiveness of BYOD in any organisation and to what extent the control can be implemented without any hassle. The degree of control being referred to in this case require Aztech to comply with all the legal obligations, so basically it increases the risk of liabilities for the company in context with the employees assigned with jobs to be performed at the workplace. Personal devices in fact, provide a higher degree of freedom to their respective owners but such freedom may not be required as far as the office works and confidentiality are concerned. The increase in liability wi ll actually be accounted for by the licensing of generic software application required to run all the personal devices in a similar manner, the inadvertent damage that is supposed to be introduced to an employees personal files, the undesired investigation procedures that can breach an employees privacy and the companys request for any response to incidents. In any of the mentioned factor, personal devices compromise with the privacy of an employee and Aztech Corporation shall be no exception. The Australian Act for Privacy introduced brought in the year 1988 has a negative impact on the BYOD project to perform effectively at Aztech Corporation. An analysis of the pros and cons of the aforementioned Act reveals that in case the personal data is compromised, the company is at a position to mitigate the consequences resulting out of breach of personal data (Iqbal, 2012). The Archive Act of 1983 also affects the implementation of such a project of BYOD within Aztechs workplace. The Act was established by the NAA or the National Archive of Australia in the year 1983 with a key motive to assist the governmental agencies to perform management of significant records and make 20 years old record to be available to the general public. The record refers to written documentations, digital content, audios and video files of any nature within the listed spectrum. However, the act serves disadvantageous for private companies like that of Aztech. Once a corporate file gets corrupted within an employees personal device, the only solution as per the Act is to extract the data from a pile of records that might be too sensitive from a employees consideration. The decision-making regarding the preservation of corporate data would involves all employees which would result in ambiguity and delay in the process. The process of using personal devices to minimize the workload would go against the very sole concept of BYOD (Downer Bhattacharya, 2015). The concept of BYOD might sound beneficial to Aztech when it comes to reduced cost of hardware but that can be achieved only when the employees agree to pay for their own personal devices. This is not highly practical case as rarely an employee would voluntarily invest his/her personal money to buy something that supports the professional activities which are anyway the responsibility of the company and not any individual. However, from a separate perspective, the reduced cost of hardware implementation can be far outweighed by the technical infrastructure that would be required to support a large number of personally diversified devices within a workplace. Employees at Aztech primarily carry out operations related to buying and selling of market shares, transfer of money and registration of clients. These processes obviously require a common digital platform and an interface to run smoothly in each of the personal devices present within the companys workplace. Disparity is highly sp eculated because of some will arrive with laptops and PDAs while some may be confined to only cell phones that run on OSS or Open Source Software. To exacerbate this, further disparity among the handsets operating systems can complicate the gross budget developed for technological implementation. In similar cases, the BYOD also opens multiple loopholes for breach of security. Lastly, in some case even the employees might be required to compromise with their devices originality when extra devices are required for performing specific business activities (DoD, 2014). Security-Related Implications These implications are high because it correlates various other considerations apart from just IT infrastructure, the size of a company or the nature of business it conducts. These implications also take into account the nature of data already present in the personal devices that the employees are supposed to carry to the workplace. For example, in Aztech Corporation, the employees might pertain to certain software that is unapproved or not reviewed. In such cases, the corporate data which is sensitive is totally unprotected and therefore can be mishandled or leaked while an employee is at his personal location. The anonymous users of corporate data thus points towards the peer group that an employee stays with like his/her family members, relatives or close friends. Even there are possibilities of data to be stolen in case a particular device is exposed to third party. This is not practical because the financial information of clients that Aztech deals with, cannot be compromised un der any circumstances. The data would contain a lot of sensitive information like the personal bank accounts details, the transactions performed and even the encrypted information. Third party cloud services are also not a solution to the above problem because there are a plethora of users who are linked with third party cloud service-providers. In a separate context, Aztech being a private business organisation can also be questioned on its integrity if the security postures of the permitted personal devices are weak. At last, the professionals in financial service sector might not be experts on IT security and therefore their personal management of security risks is far different from the corporate management which utilizes either an intranet or an extranet along with a centralized and protected server (Carden, 2012). In the process of ICT management, most of the business organisations keep on striving to develop the most efficient strategies that could be brought to effect at their respective workplaces. BYOD technically creates a link or bridges the gap among technologies, organisational policies and the resources within the IT departments. The resources here in case of Aztech shall imply the personal smart phones, laptops, tablets and PDAs. But there are underlying risks to BYOD project that are not understood by many. At the most basic level, the major risk of BYOD is strongly associated with the smartphones that the employees are supposed to use while staying at Aztechs regional offices and the corporate office. According to a report published by EYGM (2013), there are 14 major challenges that emerge when a BYOD is being deployed. Out of these challenges, the major barriers will be brought by 4 top most concerning factors. Considering the case of Aztech Corporation, there will be 3 intermedia te barriers and the remaining 7 are adjustable or they can be mitigated by strategic approaches. The Major Risks Security Protocols on Employees Smartphones 63% - 67% Security Protocols in case of Data Breach 57% - 61% Security Concerns related to Mobile Data Network 53% - 56% Security Aspects of Handset Application Software 49% - 51% The Moderate Risks Integration of Technologies with the Back-end Systems of Aztech Financial 25%- 28% The Executive Sponsorship 21% - 23% Defining the Limit of Application Usage on Employees Personal Handsets 23% - 27% The Least Risk Factors that can be mitigated Training Costs Incurred for Financial Service Using BYOD Concept 7% - 10% Regulations that are Country Specific (Australia) 15% - 19% Return of Investment in case of BYOD Project 13% - 16% Expenditures in Implementation of Specific Upgraded Applications 15%- 18% Costs Involved in Development of Smart Phone Applications meant for Employees and some other relevant Stakeholders 5% - 8% Requirements of Regulations Specific Financial Service Sector in Australia 13% - 16% Costs Involved in Preparing Aztechs Updated Help Desk Support 17% - 19% The landscape of the risk associated with implementation of BYOD concept in Aztechs workplace setting can be sub-segmented into 3 major areas. These are the security measures that can be applied to the personal devices of employees, address of the risk associated with specific new application software and management of the workplace environment associated with BYOD. Security Setting for Personal Handsets of Employees In earlier days, there existed a single-phone environment in the corporate sector because the manufacturers and brands were few. They were secure because of the uniform distribution of handset variants. The policy control for security could be effectively managed by the manufacturers because of the unified interface they provided to users. The proposed BYOD concept that is supposed to be applied to the case of Aztech Corporation changes the security architecture at a fundamental level as the companys employees are supposed to bring a diversified range of devices that are individually personalized and have very less to do with the business environment of an enterprise. The five fundamental security concerns with regards to the mobile devices are Theft of an Employees Personal Device either outside or within the Workplace setting of Aztech (Password Protected Device and Encryption) Shallow awareness of IT security practices or absolute Lack of it in Aztech primary segment of professionals whose work profiles do not align with those of IT Professionals, the company being in the financial service sector (The Risk Assessment Framework known to IT Department of Aztech) The ownership associated with end user of the device (Rooting or Jailbreak of the Smartphones Operating System) Idle state of Personal Devices with an elevated access to Internet data (Access to Business Data through VPN connection in a Lost or Stolen Smart phone of Aztechs Employee) Access to the personal device on a physical level either within the workplace or outdoor (Absence of Hardware Encryption in 3G Devices) The above concerns can be addressed by use of a MDM or a Mobile Device Management Program that is to be adopted by the company itself post-implementation of BYOD concept within its workplace. Apart from that the company needs to set a baseline for security standards as various hardware and operating systems will just mess up the confidentiality protocols. The authentication for corporate data needs to be stringent one on the monitors of personal devices. In addition to all these, a vital addition of Aztechs risk awareness program is also required followed by consistent evaluation of device usage (Absalom, 2012). There has been a steep increase in the incident of malware attacks in organisations that follow B2C models. Aztech falls under the same category. Malicious codes and security loopholes are less likely to be identified by employees at Aztech and thus it skyrockets the chances of theft of corporate data. The embedded codes can compromise with the local files on an intranet or an extranet. To effectively counter these breaches, the data sharing performed between each BYOD devices are needed to be filtered at the initial phase to make sure that all loopholes in a personal device are detected and subsequently covered (Ghosh, et al 2013). Conclusion From the above assessment, it can be opined the variability associated with a BYOD environment is significantly in case of hardware as well the software that provides access to Aztechs sensitive data on clients profile and their bank account details. Variation in OS platforms also makes the wiping of devices complicated. The employees themselves account for 55% of the security risk in a BYOD environment while the remaining 27% is contributed by third party individuals who somehow have legitimate access to Aztechs internal database. Also it can be argued that the activities performed by Aztechs employees are needed to be visible mostly on the cloud system followed by systems that are on the premise. 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